When discussing graphene, we need to initially mention the natural mineral graphite that is extensively existing in our day-to-day live.
As an allotrope of carbon, graphite is a split product, and the carbon atoms inside graphite are prepared layer by layer. Carbon atoms in the same layer “hold hands” and are carefully connected, but the mix of carbon atoms between different layers is loose, like a stack of playing cards. With a gentle push, the cards will certainly move apart.
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From the point of view of chemical framework, graphite is a transitional crystal in between atomic crystals, metal crystals and molecular crystals. In the crystal, carbon atoms in the very same layer type covalent bonds with sp2 hybridization, each carbon atom is linked to three other carbon atoms, and 6 carbon atoms develop a regular hexagonal ring on the same airplane, extending to create a sheet structure.
If graphite is a stack of playing cards, then graphene is among the cards in this pile of playing cards. Graphene is a two-dimensional material made up of a single layer of carbon atoms. Stacking graphene layer by layer is graphite. A 1 mm thick graphite has regarding 3 million layers of graphene.
Although graphene exists in nature, it is hard to peel off a single layer framework.
More than two decades earlier, Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov, researchers at the College of Manchester in the UK, believed that there have to be a method to obtain a single layer of graphite.
How can a single layer of graphite be removed? Scientists took a very “basic and crude” method – sticking it with tape.
“Just like when we create a typo on paper, we will certainly stick the typo with tape.” Based on this, scientists strongly link that if tape can stick to the surface area of paper, can it likewise adhere to layers of graphite?
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In the experiment, scientists stuck both sides of pyrolytic graphite flakes to an unique tape, and detached the tape, the graphite sheet was divided into two. Although the thickness of graphite at this time is still far from that of a solitary layer of graphite, researchers have actually verified the feasibility of this approach – each time the tape is used, the graphite ends up being thinner. By demanding utilizing this “mechanical peeling technique” to repeat the procedure, they ultimately obtained a thin sheet including only one layer of carbon atoms, which is graphene.
However, this approach of repetitively exfoliating graphite sheets with tape to get graphene has low manufacturing efficiency and can just be used to prepare micron-thick graphene, and can not be mass-produced industrially.
Later, with the renovation of scientific and technical degrees, the preparation technique of graphene has also made terrific progress. At present, in addition to this standard physical and mechanical peeling method, there are also several techniques for preparing graphene, such as redox technique, solvent peeling approach, chemical vapor deposition, and so on
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